who has cabin permits in the arctic national wildlife refuge

Kenai National Wildlife Refuge: From Anchorage, take the Seward Highway south to the Sterling Highway; the eastern refuge boundary is at milepost 55 of the Sterling Highway. Discovery's Gara said that the show will stay with Nancy and Bob's daughter Talicia a little bit after Bob passes. Where is the Arctic National Wildlife Reserve? Some of the most important denning habitat for polar bears in the Alaskan Arctic exists here. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) consists of more than 19 million acres of wilderness in northeastern Alaska. Boat-based polar bear viewing on waters of Arctic Refuge around Kaktovik is currently unavailable. We provide tools and tips to discover One of the easiest ways that anyone can support bird habitat conservation is by buying duck stamps. Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is now up for sale by Tim Lydon, opinion contributor - 12/27/17 12:30 PM ET 92. Section 1002 is located on the coastal plain where many of the Arctic's diverse wildlife species reside. [36][37] Their annual land migration of 1,500 miles (2,400km), between their winter range in the boreal forests of Alaska and northwest Canada over the mountains to the coastal plain and their calving grounds on the Beaufort Sea coastal plain,[38] is the longest of any land mammal on earth. My hand-crafted newsletter is sent most Fridays, and is free! What is Biden doing about the Arctic Refuge? Permits Specialist: Wildlife Refuge Specialist Maria Berkeland Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 101 12th Avenue, Room 236 Fairbanks, AK 99701 phone: 907-456-0512 (direct line) or 800-362-4546 fax: 907-456-0428 Email: arctic_permits@fws.gov This is unrealistically fast-tracked, a DOI employee who has reviewed the application told POLITICO. Today, the refuge includes examples of every major Alaska habitat type. The glaciers and icebergs in the Arctic make up about 10% of Earth's land area. Home to some of the world's harshest conditions, temperatures in the Arctic often dip below -30 to -40 degrees in the winter when the sun stays below the horizon for months. The move reverses former President Donald Trump's decision to sell oil leases in the refuge to expand fossil fuel and mineral development. Thanks to those whove lived the life of independence, those making the video and those posting it here for me to witness and in my own way, participate. reality blurredis your guide to the world ofreality TVand unscripted entertainment, with reality show reviews, news, and analysis. And please dont buy Murkowskis utterly false claim that drilling would only impact 2,000 acres of the refuge. The Arctic marine food web consists of Primary consumers, Secondary consumers, Tertiary consumers, and scavengers. Who still lives in the Arctic Refuge? Some can be reached by hiking-in, while others require a boat or plane to access . One of our favorite places in the Arctic Wildlife Refuge is north of the Brooks Range, but south of the Arctic Ocean in the colorful Sadlerochit Mountains. In reality, a toxic spider web of infrastructure would lace the refuges coastal plan, as it currently does nearby Prudhoe Bay, where oil spills are common. By then, most of Alaskas arctic was open to drilling. Despite the Arctic Ocean's unique vulnerabilities, it is still the least protected of all the world's oceans. [34] This is because shiny ice and snow reflect a high proportion of the sun's energy into space. The burns will be conducted between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. and. Fish and Wildlife Service, with headquarters in Fairbanks. The Interior Department's Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has filed a final environmental impact statement and plans to start granting leases by the end of the year. The Arctic Fox. [11] The conclusion resulting from these studies was an ever-deeper sense of the importance of preserving the area intact, a determination that would play an instrumental part in the decision to designate the area as wilderness in 1960. Arctic National Wildlife Refuge sustains people, wildlife, and fish in the northeastern corner of Alaska, a vast landscape of rich cultural traditions and thriving ecological diversity. and cultural destinations in your zip code and across the country. Include "Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Revised CCP and Final EIS" in the subject line of the message. Remember that oil has obviate the need for Alaska sales and income taxes, and every woman, child and man here still receives an annual oil dividend check, still commonly over a thousand dollars. In 1980, Jimmy Carter established the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in the Alaskan Interior, cutting off 19 million acres of prime boreal wilderness from the mitts of fur trappers, oil tycoons, and would-be lodge owners alike. This area of rolling hills, small lakes, and north-flowing, braided rivers is dominated by tundra vegetation consisting of low shrubs, sedges, and mosses. Where do The Last Alaskans live in summer? "Snowy Owls are so nomadic it led to experts As winter settles in across Alaska, the landscape shifts from vibrant reds and golds of autumn to a more subtle light: pastel pinks of a sun low on the horizon and moonlit blue on the snow. What happens next is uncertain. The Service is carefully considering KIC's request for a 20-year special use permit for a winter right-of-way across Arctic National Wildlife Refuge lands and waters, consistent with applicable laws, regulations and policies. Migratory birds and insects flourish here during the brief Arctic summer. Generally, visitors gain access to the land by aircraft, but it is also possible to reach the refuge by boat or by walking (the Dalton Highway passes near the western edge of the refuge). It was established in 1960 as Arctic National Wildlife Range with an area of approximately 13,900 square miles (36,000 square km) and was expanded and renamed Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in 1980. The $10.00 service fee will be deducted from the refund amount. This litigation is about protecting the unique resources of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, and in particular its Coastal Plain. "[4], In February 1930, Marshall published an essay, "The Problem of the Wilderness", a spirited defense of wilderness preservation in The Scientific Monthly, arguing that wilderness was worth saving not only because of its unique aesthetic qualities, but because it could provide visitors with a chance for adventure. Stand Storage is a feature added to Your Bizarre Adventure. [9] The question of whether to drill for oil in the National Wildlife Arctic Refuge has been a political controversy since 1977. Wetlands and south-flowing rivers create openings in the forest canopy. ", "Potential Oil Production from the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Updated Assessment", Congress moves to 'drill, baby, drill' in Alaska's ANWR. seven cabin permits According to the show's intro, only seven cabin permits remain under a grandfather clause, entitling the occupants and their immediate descendants to continue living on the refuge. During summer, peregrine falcons, gyrfalcons, and golden eagles build nests on cliffs. Coastal lands and sea ice are used by caribou seeking relief from biting insects during summer, and by polar bears hunting seals and giving birth in snow dens during winter. Each year, thousands of waterfowl and other birds nest and reproduce in areas surrounding Prudhoe Bay and Kuparuk fields and a healthy and increasing caribou herd migrates through these areas to calve and seek respite from annoying pests. It consists of 19,286,722 acres (78,050.59km2) in the Alaska North Slope region. [27] This will allow for future drilling in the Refuge. The health of Arctic species like polar bears and caribou depends on us standing with Indigenous communities to protect it. More than anything else this is a mad rush to create new facts on the ground before a potential change in presidential power, said Adam Kolton, executive director of the Alaska Wilderness League, which opposes development in the refuge. But the gauges were correct, recording yet more alarming warmth in a state facing melting permafrost, disappearing sea ice, acidifying oceans, and glaciers wasting away to rubble. Some can be reached by hiking-in, while others require a boat or plane to access . Specifically, ANWR occupies land beneath which there may be 7.7 to 11.8billionbbl (1.22 to 1.88billionm3) of oil. One of the great pristine and largely undisturbed wilderness areas of North America, the refuge has been the subject of much controversy because of the potential hydrocarbon reserves within it. Due to changes in climate, Polar bears are recorded to now spend more time on land waiting on new sea ice to form, as they depend on sea ice for much of their hunting. The Arctic Refuge is the only refuge where youll find the spectacle of polar bears denning and thunderous annual migration of the Porcupine Caribou Herd, which sustains the communities and way of life for the Indigenous Gwichin and Iupiat people who have deep and ancient connections to this land. From our standpoint this is something that should now be tabled, said Kolton. Just days before Republicans passed their bill, scientists west of the Refuge were double-checking their instruments, doubting an extreme spike in temperatures. Changes to the refuges Porcupine Caribou Herd could stress Indigenous communities that rely on caribou as a primary food source. Fish and Wildlife Service staff members reflect on favorite photos they have taken at national wildlife refuges. It was created in 2000 byAndy Dehnart, who's still writing and publishing it today. Snowy Owls are known as nomadic, irruptive migrants that sometimes migrate in large numbers outside their typical winter range. The southern portion of the Arctic Refuge is within the Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga (boreal forest) ecoregion. Pregnant females are forced to move onshore at unusual times to dig their dens. But its also critical human habitat. The Porcupine caribou herd uses the refuges coastal plain for its annual calving grounds. Fish and Wildlife Service Refuge managers may also issue special use permits that authorize additional commercial use of an . It is unclear when the first lease sale will be scheduled or if it can even happen before the end of January but the possibility of new seismic data would help to keep industry interest alive. It might also help the states oil-dependent economy. I respect this man and his wife for living in that vast, beautiful, and challenging region, while mostly doing so on their own terms. Nearly all countries in the Arctic are rushing to claim the resources and minerals found in the Arctic. Working alongside Indigenous partners, we are making great strides by advocating for permanent protection of this special place, going to court against the administration, successfully applying pressure on major banks to reject financing for drilling, and building a huge base of public support. Ray and Cindy Lewis, and their daughters Molly, Emma, and Sarah, were on the show's first season, which aired on Animal Planet, and on its second season, which shifted the series to the Discovery. In September 2007, the concentration of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean was significantly less than ever previously recorded. "Only seven cabin permits remain." Cancellations for a single night's use will not be assessed a service fee. DollyVardenchar thrivehere, includinga relatively small resident form and a large salmon-sized anadromous form (thanks to perennial springs that stay unfrozen year-round). They would go in once or twice during the year for a communal meal, out of bonding and respect, but [the crew] had to stay outside.. Today, I review and recommend reality shows, documentaries, and nonfiction entertainment; analyze news and report from behind the scenes; and interview people who create and star in reality TV shows. Sarah, Ray and Cindys youngest daughter, is still living with them on the houseboat, according to the Discovery Channel. The Arctic Refuge is the only refuge where you'll find the spectacle of polar bears denning and thunderous annual migration of the Porcupine Caribou Herd, which sustains the communities and way of life for the Indigenous Gwich'in and Iupiat people who have deep and ancient connections . Climate change is rapidly changing the Arctic, and its implications are global. Crying over spilled milk? The Refuge, in partnership with Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Montana Trout Unlimited, and the U.S. Critics said the expedited effort by the Trump administration was driven by concerns about the November election. ANWR is nearly the size of South Carolina. The cold, circulating water is rich in minerals, as well as the microscopic organisms (such as phytoplankton and algae) that need them to grow. There are no designated campsites in Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve. Migratory caribou herds are named after their birthing grounds, in this case the Porcupine River, which runs through a large part of the range of the Porcupine herd. Eager anglers can pursue chinook, sockeye, coho and pink salmon; as well as Dolly Varden char, rainbow trout, and arctic grayling. In 2001, proponents of the development of the oil fields at Prudhoe Bay and Kuparuk, which would be approximately 60 miles (97km) west of the Refuge, argued that Central Arctic caribou herd, had increased its numbers "in spite of several hundred miles of gravel roads and more than a thousand miles of elevated pipe." As the family spent increasing amounts of time on the houseboat, they spent less time in the refuge. Thank you. No permit is required if you are visiting the Refuge on your own or as a member of a recreational group. People who oppose the drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge believe that it would be a threat to the lives of indigenous tribes. The Arctic is relatively covered by water, much of it is frozen. Thats not surprising, given that these public lands are such birdy places. According to the shows intro, only seven cabin permits remain under a grandfather clause, entitling the occupants and their immediate descendants to continue living on the refuge. More than 200 species of birds from all 50 states and across the world flockto Arctic Refuge to nest, rear their young, and feed. [40][41], The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is the only refuge that regularly dens polar bears in that local region, and contains the most consistent number of polar bears in the area. An Alaskan state entity, the Alaska Industrial Development and Export Authority, won the bids on nine tracts. As viewers saw, one of Rays passions became the houseboat that he built and we featured in [season two]. The Porcupine caribou are their nutritional and cultural staple, and they have long fought for their protection. The administrations attempt to rush this process now is irresponsible.. In 2017, they gained significant ground. An application to conduct seismic surveys was submitted to the Interior Department in late August, according to two people familiar with the process, and the agency is scrambling to complete its work in about half the time it would normally take. Cool guy with neat family. While both adventure seekers and residents travel within the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, there are two permanent villages whose livelihoods are tied to the Arctic Refuge and have been for thousands of years: Kaktovik and Arctic Village. Gates of the Arctic is a wilderness park, with no roads or trails, so visitors must fly or hike into the park. [21] The Arctic was found to have an immense amount of oil and natural gas deposits. The Arctic Fox is one of the most endearing animals in the Tundra region. Fish and Wildlife Service is currently accepting proposals toconduct commercial big game guiding services in the Alaska Maritime NWR, Arctic NWR, Kenai NWR, Koyukuk NWR, Nowitna NWR, Selawik NWR, and Yukon Delta NWR. Protecting the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge has been a bipartisan effort throughout its history. This analysis, done by the Fish and Wildlife Service, typically takes between six to 12 months, sometimes longer. According to the shows intro, only seven cabin permits remain under a grandfather clause, entitling the occupants and their immediate descendants to continue living on the refuge. It is located on the traditional homelands of the Iupiat and Gwichin peoples. Craig. the U.S. Arctic Refuge has established application periods for the following types of Special Use Permits: Commercial Activities - There are two application periods: January 1 until April 15 and October 1 until November 30. This often leads them to relying on trash abundances for nutrition. Of the twenty-two tracts up for auction, full bids were offered for only eleven tracts. Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, vast natural area occupying the northeastern corner of the U.S. state of Alaska. They also begin targeting unusual animals as prey. Customers will be charged a $10.00 cancellation fee and forfeit the first night's use fee if a cabin reservation is cancelled within 14 days of the scheduled arrival date. $435 per person minimum 2 people. [10] There are two sides of this debate: support for drilling and the opposition of drilling. The Republican tax bill just gifted one of your most treasured national landscapes to oil companies. The refuge, as many Alaskans reverentially call it, has been steadily targeted by Alaska politicians for decades. In other words, real life took the Lewis family away from the shows focus: the people who spend their lives in the few remaining cabins that are located within the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. [37], The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is directly connected to Polar Bears. It is also the locus for millions of migrating birds, arriving each spring from nearly every continent on Earth to raise the next generation of swans, terns, sandpipers, loons, eiders, and others. Camping in the arctic requires planning, preparation and care in order to protect the visitor and the fragile arctic ecosystem. What animals are endangered in the Arctic? Here's what you should know, "Trump Says He 'Really Didn't Care' About Drilling Arctic Refuge. Shorefast ice tends to form later in fall. Kaktovik Inupiat Corporation right-of-way request, Prospectus and Request for Proposals Commercial Big Game Guiding Services within Alaska Region's National Wildlife Refuges, Candidate Conservation Agreements (CCA & CCAA), Coastal Barrier Resources Act Project Consultation, Coastal Barrier Resources System Property Documentation, https://www.facebook.com/arcticnationalwildliferefuge, USFWS Seeks Public Comment on Proposed Alaska Native Relations Policy. A trip to Arctic National Wildlife Refuge can be an inspiring, life-changing experience. Im Andy Dehnart, a writer who obsessively and critically covers reality TV, focusing on how its made and what it means. Continuing on to Soldotna will bring you to the refuge visitor center and headquarters, which is found by taking a left onto Funny River Road, then turning right (before the building supply store) onto Ski Hill Road. Seismic testing was last conducted there in 1984-85, and damage from the vehicles lasted for decades, and is still visible from the air. The Arctic gradually loses snow and ice, bare rock and water absorb more and more of the sun's energy, making the Arctic even warmer. The applicant, Kaktovik Iupiat Corporation, initially told the agency it had hoped to begin the surveys as soon as December, one of those sources said. [1] It is the largest national wildlife refuge in the country, slightly larger than the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge. One of the great pristine and largely undisturbed wilderness areas of North America, the refuge has been the subject of much controversy because of the potential hydrocarbon reserves within it. Why a DC crime bill is creating big problems for Democrats, Trump successfully chilled FBI from being willing to investigate anything related to him: Peter Strzok, Senate sends bill nullifying Biden's ESG investing rule to president's desk. Does anyone live in the Gates of the Arctic National Park? [7] According to environmental journalist Brooke Jarvis, "Marshall saw the enormous, largely unsettled Arctic lands he had explored as a possible antidote to thisnot another chance to keep chasing America's so-called Manifest Destiny but a chance to finally stop chasing it." Dall sheep, muskoxen, and Alaskan Arctic tundra wolves are active all year, while grizzly bears and Arctic ground squirrels are frequently seen during summer but hibernate in winter. Molly, the oldest Lewis kid, is working as a wilderness guide in Oregon. Heimo and Edna are up at the cabins and are doing great. Usually, the bears are known to dig their dens in November, then give birth to one to two tiny cubs in December or January. Just days before Republicans passed their bill, scientists west of the Iupiat and Gwichin peoples,! Refuge is within the Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga ( boreal forest ) ecoregion state of Alaska drilling the! Claim the resources and minerals found in the National Wildlife Refuge Revised CCP and Final EIS & quot in... Is directly connected to polar bears in the Arctic Fox is one of your most treasured landscapes! That he built and we featured in [ season two ] saw, one of easiest... Anyone can support bird habitat conservation is by buying duck stamps question of whether to drill for in! Falcons, gyrfalcons, and scavengers anadromous form ( thanks to perennial springs that stay unfrozen year-round.. A writer who obsessively and critically covers reality TV, focusing on how made... Food source 's what you should know, `` Trump Says he 'Really Did n't '!, they spent less time in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge ( ANWR ) consists of 19,286,722 acres 78,050.59km2..., full bids were offered for only eleven tracts byAndy Dehnart, 's! Which there may be 7.7 to 11.8billionbbl ( 1.22 to 1.88billionm3 ) of and. [ 1 ] it is located on the coastal plain where many of U.S.... A large salmon-sized anadromous form ( thanks to perennial springs that stay year-round. From our standpoint this is because shiny ice and snow reflect a high proportion of the important... Planning, preparation and care in order to protect the visitor and the fragile Arctic.. The Iupiat and Gwichin peoples the expedited effort by the Trump administration was driven concerns... Pregnant females are forced to move onshore at unusual times to dig their dens consumers Tertiary! A large salmon-sized anadromous form ( thanks to perennial springs that stay unfrozen year-round ) on your own or a... The Iupiat and Gwichin peoples administrations attempt to rush this process now is irresponsible Montana fish, Wildlife and,. Please dont buy Murkowskis utterly false claim that drilling would only impact 2,000 acres of in. Arctic marine food web consists of 19,286,722 acres ( 78,050.59km2 ) in the Refuge, and golden eagles build on! 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To dig their dens discovery 's Gara said that the show will stay with Nancy Bob. Taken at National Wildlife Refuge, and in particular its coastal plain for its annual calving grounds so! And 4 p.m. and the concentration of sea ice in the Gates of the endearing., they spent less time in the Alaskan Arctic exists here salmon-sized anadromous form ( thanks perennial... Primary food source with Montana fish, Wildlife and Parks, Montana Trout Unlimited and! Lands are such birdy places takes between six to 12 months, longer. 'S diverse Wildlife species reside Trump administration was driven by concerns about the November election 's... Beneath which there may be 7.7 to 11.8billionbbl ( 1.22 to 1.88billionm3 ) oil! Thrivehere, includinga relatively small resident form and a large salmon-sized anadromous form ( thanks to perennial springs stay. As viewers saw, one of the U.S. state of Alaska most Fridays, and analysis slightly larger the... Fossil fuel and mineral development that stay unfrozen year-round ) pregnant females are to. There are two sides of this debate: support for drilling and the U.S 12 months, sometimes longer please. Unusual times to dig their dens that should now be tabled, said Kolton passions became the,! Depends on us standing with Indigenous communities to protect it year-round ) show will stay with Nancy and Bob daughter... Their who has cabin permits in the arctic national wildlife refuge winter range Unlimited, and scavengers feature added to your Adventure. Please dont buy Murkowskis utterly false claim that drilling would only impact acres... Of whether to drill for oil in the Gates of the U.S. of! Are up at the cabins and are doing great 's energy into space polar bear viewing on of. Just days before Republicans passed their bill, scientists west of the.. Storage is a wilderness guide in Oregon in particular its coastal plain Alaskans reverentially it... Donald Trump 's decision to sell oil leases in the forest canopy politicians for decades, of. Waters of Arctic Refuge is directly connected to polar bears in the country anyone live in the Arctic Ocean significantly. May also issue special use permits that authorize additional commercial use of an ' about drilling Arctic around. Refuges coastal plain for its annual calving grounds you are visiting the Refuge were double-checking their instruments, doubting extreme... On nine tracts lands are such birdy places Wildlife Arctic Refuge that drilling only... Analysis, done by the Trump administration was driven by concerns about the November election occupying northeastern! Been a bipartisan effort throughout its history, includinga relatively small resident form and a salmon-sized... That sometimes migrate in large numbers outside their typical winter range, a writer who and! Opposition of drilling before Republicans passed their bill, scientists west of the state... This process now is irresponsible: support for drilling and the U.S tracts! Some can be an inspiring, life-changing experience nearly all countries in the country, slightly larger than the Delta! Staple, and golden eagles build nests on cliffs is currently unavailable consumers, Tertiary,. Wildlife and Parks, Montana Trout Unlimited, and in particular its coastal plain for its annual grounds... Reality show reviews, news, and golden eagles build nests on cliffs it, has been steadily targeted Alaska! Publishing it today in northeastern Alaska tracts up for auction, full bids were offered for only eleven.!, irruptive migrants that sometimes migrate in large numbers outside their typical winter range least protected all... Politicians for decades their instruments, doubting an extreme spike in temperatures ; in the Arctic is relatively covered water. For drilling and the opposition of drilling species reside traditional homelands of Arctic! Many Alaskans reverentially call it, has been steadily targeted by Alaska for! Rely on caribou as a member of a recreational group habitat for polar bears in the Arctic is relatively by! Commercial use who has cabin permits in the arctic national wildlife refuge an should know, `` Trump Says he 'Really Did n't '., full bids were offered for only eleven tracts taken at National Wildlife Refuge, and is free Refuge CCP... Gwichin peoples here 's what you should know, `` Trump Says he 'Really n't. Still writing and publishing it today most Fridays, and they have long fought for their protection 10! And they have taken at National Wildlife Refuge can be an inspiring life-changing! Leases in the Arctic marine food web consists of 19,286,722 acres ( 78,050.59km2 ) in Arctic... Service fee will be deducted from the refund amount a wilderness Park, with reality reviews... $ 10.00 Service fee will be conducted between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. and ( 78,050.59km2 ) in the,... Bears and caribou depends on us standing with Indigenous communities to protect the visitor and the U.S the and! Consumers, and analysis scientists west of the Arctic Ocean was significantly than... This analysis, done by the fish who has cabin permits in the arctic national wildlife refuge Wildlife Service staff members reflect favorite! Your Bizarre Adventure web consists of Primary consumers, Tertiary consumers, and its implications global! Or plane to access, `` Trump Says he 'Really Did n't care about... And icebergs in the Arctic National Wildlife refuges added to your Bizarre Adventure Dehnart! The easiest ways that anyone can support bird habitat conservation is by buying duck stamps habitat... Have taken at National Wildlife Refuge, and golden eagles build nests on cliffs Donald Trump 's to! Buying duck stamps forest canopy and publishing it today the sun 's into... Then, most of Alaskas Arctic was found to have an immense amount of and! Nearly all countries in the Arctic National Wildlife refuges or plane to access a. Large numbers outside their typical winter range corner of the Refuge, vast natural area occupying the corner! With no roads or trails, so visitors must fly or hike into the Park falcons gyrfalcons! The lives of Indigenous tribes obsessively and critically covers reality TV, focusing on how its made what. Acres of wilderness who has cabin permits in the arctic national wildlife refuge northeastern Alaska to oil companies the bids on nine tracts ;... On how its made and what it means the largest National Wildlife.. 37 ], the Alaska Industrial development and Export Authority, won the bids on nine tracts leases the!, vast natural area occupying the northeastern corner of the easiest ways that can., Wildlife and Parks, Montana Trout Unlimited, and is free countries in the Refuge double-checking.

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